How To Test For Metals In Makeup
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Cess of some heavy metals in selected cosmetics ordinarily used in Bangladesh and human being health risk
Journal of Analytical Science and Technology volume 10, Article number:ii (2019) Cite this article
Abstract
In Bangladesh, use of beauty cream is very much pop and a common daily task for the people. The electric current study is focusing on the assessment of some toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury contamination in some beauty creams commonly used by Bangladeshi people. The results betoken that the concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium exceed the maximum allowable concentrations, whereas mercury is constitute below the adequate limit set by WHO/EU. Even so, according to Health Canada, the concentrations of cadmium and chromium for all the selected samples (except cadmium in sample coded A) was within the permissible limit. Health risks associated with these metal intakes via dermal exposure route are evaluated in terms of chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard caliber (HQ). The carcinogenic hazard (CR) estimated for chromium indicates that information technology is within the acceptable range. The cancer and non-cancer chance results signal that although the chances of cancer risk and not-cancer risk resulting from the use of these cosmetic products were unlikely, buildup of these toxic heavy metals overtime on continuous usage could exist detrimental for Bangladeshi people.
Introduction
Cosmetics accept been used as a part of routine torso care by all classes of people throughout the earth. They are classified every bit any particular intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled or sprayed on, or introduced into or otherwise applied to the homo torso or any part of the trunk for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance, and include any item intended for utilise as a component of cosmetics (Drug and Cosmetic Act 1940). Cosmetics are mixtures of some surfactants, oils, and other ingredients and are required to be effective, long-lasting, stable, and safe to human use.
With many new products released into the market every season, it is hard to go on track of the condom of every production and some products may comport carcinogenic contaminants (Peter and Viraraghavan 2005). There are concerns regarding the presence of harmful chemicals, including heavy metals, in these products. Many cosmetic products contain heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, mercury, cobalt, and nickel equally ingredients or impurities. Contempo research has reported that these metals can hands cause many types of skin issues (Nesterenko and Jones 1997; Sainio et al. 2000). The utilise of some heavy metals in corrective has been controversial due to the biological aggregating of those metals and their toxicity in human being torso. In most countries, information technology is legally prohibited to use lead, arsenic, and mercury in skin corrective products (Hostynek 2000). It is also reported that these metals can cause allergic contact dermatitis or other skin problems (Maibach and Menne 1989; Kerosuo et al. 1996). Since the event of heavy metals every bit deliberate cosmetic ingredients has been addressed, attention is turned to the presence of these substances every bit impurities. The metals of primary toxicological business organization in cosmetics are lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, mercury, and antimony (Sainio et al. 2000). Dermal exposure is expected to be the nigh significant route for cosmetic products since the majority of cosmetics are applied to the skin. Oral exposure can occur for cosmetics used in and around the mouth as well every bit from mitt to mouth contact subsequently exposure to cosmetics containing heavy metal impurities. However, inhalation exposure is typically considered to exist negligible (Saleh et al. 2009).
At higher concentrations, heavy metals accept been shown to have negative effects. Atomic number 82, which may exist an impurity, is a proven neurotoxin linked to learning, language, and behavioral problems (Ayenimo et al. 2010). Information technology has also been linked to miscarriage, reduced fertility in men and women, hormonal changes, menstrual irregularities, and delays in puberty onset in girls. Significant women and young children are also vulnerable because atomic number 82 crosses the placenta and may enter the fetal brain (Horowitz et al. 2002). Cadmium establish in body and pilus creams are absorbed into the trunk through dermal contact (Ayenimo et al. 2010) and stored in the kidney and the liver, although it can be institute in near all developed tissues. Information technology is considered to be "carcinogenic to humans" by the IARC (ATSDR 2012) and its compounds, categorized as known human carcinogens by the United States Department of Health and Human being Services. Ingestion of loftier levels of cadmium can lead to severe stomach irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea, while exposure to lower level for a long time can lead to kidney harm, bone deformity, and the ability of basic to break easily (Campaign for Condom Cosmetics 2007). Chromium is also corrosive and causes allergy to the pare. Adverse furnishings of the chromium on the pare may include ulcerations, dermatitis, and allergic skin reactions. Mercury is linked to nervous system toxicity, also as reproductive, allowed, and respiratory toxicity. Information technology is also constitute in thiomersal, which is a mercury-based preservative and used as direct ingredients or impurities. But the high toxicity of this metal means that the presence of mercury in any cosmetic is a business organization. Other heavy metals prove a similar tendency to be toxic (UNEP 2008). A recent cess past WHO reported that mercury in pare lightening creams and soaps that are ordinarily used in Asian and Primal African nations is potentially dangerous equally they have serious side furnishings and tin can be fatal (WHO 2011).
The use of cosmetics past Bangladeshi women is an ancient tradition. They believe that cosmetics aid them to improve their features and cover the blemishes of the skin. A survey, conducted by Environment and Social Development Arrangement (ESDO) People's republic of bangladesh, reported that there are so many toxic chemicals present in both imported and exported beauty products of Bangladesh which is so alarming for human wellness and environment. However, there are very few reports published about the heavy metal concentration in Bangladeshi cosmetics. To the all-time of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh regarding the report of heavy metal contents in the beauty cream samples and too calculated the possible health take a chance assessment. As the use of cosmetic products is increasing quickly in Bangladesh and various chemicals including the heavy metals are used in the cosmetics which pose health risk to consumers, the aim of the present written report is to assess toxic metals like pb, cadmium, chromium, and mercury in some fairness creams highly used by the Bangladeshi people and their effect on human wellness.
Materials and methods
Sample collection
In June 2017, six different brands of beauty foam samples were purchased from the local marketplace of Dhaka City Bangladesh. Global positioning system (GPS) was used to locate the sampling positions (Fig. 1). To proceed the brand names anonymous, the samples were coded from A to F. The details of the samples are presented in Tabular array one.
Sampling location of Dhaka urban center, People's republic of bangladesh
Reagents and chemicals
All the reagents and chemicals used in the study were of analytical grade. HNO3 (69%, BDH), HCl (36%, Sigma-Aldrich), H2Sofour (98%, Sigma-Aldrich), HClO4 (70%, Sigma-Aldrich), H2Otwo (thirty%, Sigma-Aldrich), KMnO4 (Merck), hydroxylamine (BDH), and deionized water (Resistivity > 18 MΩ/cm) were used for digestion and dilution of samples and preparation of intermediate metal standard solutions prior to analysis. Standard solutions for calibration of lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury were prepared from m mg/L standard stock solution of Wako Chemicals (Japan) AAS Reference Standard.
Sample preparation and analysis
Sample preparation for the determination of pb, cadmium, and chromium has been carried out according to the method adopted by Chauhan et al. (Chauhan et al. 2010). Briefly, near 1.0 g of sample was digested in five.0 mL mixture of concentrated HNOiii:HClOfour (iii:1) for 2–3 h on a hot plate at 90 °C. The mixture was heated about to dryness. And so, three.0 mL of acid mixture was again added and heated for 2–3 h for consummate digestion. The digested samples were cooled at room temperature, and about five.0 mL deionized water was added, mixed well, and made a volume upward to 25 mL in volumetric flask. The solution is then finally filtered through Whatman filter newspaper (number 41). The solution was used for metal quantification. For Hg estimation, the sample was prepared according to Clarke et al. (Clarke et al. n.d.); briefly, about 0.5 thousand of samples was weighed into the chalice. Then, the samples were predigested with a mixture of two mL H2SOfour and 2 mL HNO3 for 1.v h at 80 °C. Later on cooling the sample solution at room temperature, 7.0 mL 5% KMnO4 and five mL 3% HCl were added into the beaker so heated at 95 °C for 2 h. After once again cooling to room temperature, 6.0 mL 12% hydroxylamine solution was added to reduce the KMnOiv. The beakers were swirled to assure complete reaction with the excess KMnOiv and and then made a volume with three% HCl and mixing thoroughly prior to AAS assay.
Flame diminutive absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) (Shimadzu AA-6800, Japan) with air-acetylene flame was used to acquit the analysis of atomic number 82, cadmium, and chromium. However, mercury analysis was conducted by common cold vapor-atomic assimilation spectrophotometer (CV-AAS). The instrumental weather during the analysis of heavy metals are listed in Table 2 giving details well-nigh parameters which are defined for respective metals.
Quality assurance
Appropriate quality balls procedures and precautions were carried out to ensure reliability of the results. Samples were generally carefully handled to avoid contamination. Reagents blank determinations were used to right the instrument readings. For validation of the analytical procedure, standard addition method which is considered as a validation method (Ullah et al. 2017a) was used. Hence, a recovery report was performed (Table 5) by spiking and homogenizing several analyzed samples with varied amounts of standard solutions of the heavy metals. The spiked samples were processed for the analysis past the same process and reanalyzed as the analysis of sample.
Health risk assessment
In this study, human being health run a risk models including carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks raised by United states of america Ecology Protection Agency (USEPA) were calculated. The threshold values proposed by USEPA were employed to assess the potential health risks on the consumers. Currently, there is no agreed limit for adequate maximum carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk levels in Bangladesh.
Estimated chronic daily intake of heavy metals
Health risk cess is examined via dermal contact with corrective particles. Three chief pathways may occur when target analytes expose to human existence are (a) straight ingestion, (b) inhalation through the mouth and olfactory organ, and (c) dermal absorption. For metals in cosmetics surround, only dermal absorption plays the nearly important role (Kim et al. 2004) for skin care cream. Considering this pathway, the betrayal dose, chronic daily intake (CDI) was calculated using the equation in Table 3 and the detailed explanation for all the parameters are listed in Table iv. The equation is adapted from the USEPA (USEPA 1989; Miguel et al. 2007).
Non-carcinogenic risk
The run a risk quotient, HQ (not-carcinogenic take chances), of the different metals in the cosmetic samples was calculated. HQ is the ratio of exposure to hazardous substances to the chronic reference dose (RfD) of the toxicant (mg/kg/day) and expressed equally:
$$ \mathrm{Not}-\mathrm{carcinogenic}\ \mathrm{risk},\mathrm{HQ}={\mathrm{CDI}}_{\mathrm{dermal}}/{\mathrm{RfD}}_{\mathrm{dermal}}. $$
The dermal reference doses are 0.04, 0.001, 0.000015, and 0.0013 mg/kg/day for lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury respectively (USEPA 2015). In lodge to determine the appropriate RfD for HQ, it was assumed that all chromium ions in the cosmetics sample are trivalent (non-carcinogenic). If HQ < 1, the exposed population is unlikely to experience obvious adverse effects. If HQ > 1, there is a potential health risk (Ullah et al. 2017b), and related interventions and protective measurements are needed to be taken. To gauge the risk to human health through more than one heavy metal (HM), the take chances index (Hello) has been developed (USEPA 1989). The risk alphabetize is the sum of the chance quotients for all HMs, which was calculated by the equation (Guerra et al. 2010):
$$ \mathrm{HI}=\Sigma\ \mathrm{HQ}={\mathrm{HQ}}_{\mathrm{Atomic number 82}}+{\mathrm{HQ}}_{\mathrm{Cd}}+{\mathrm{HQ}}_{\mathrm{Cr}}+{\mathrm{HQ}}_{\mathrm{Hg}} $$
Carcinogenic risk
Carcinogenic risk is divers as the incremental probability that an individual will develop cancer during one's lifetime due to chemical exposure nether specific scenarios (Chen and Liao 2006; Obiri et al. 2006). It is necessary to calculate the carcinogenic risk value to estimate whether the consumers are likely to endure from cancer, and this can be evaluated from equation:
$$ \mathrm{Carcinogenic}\ \mathrm{risk}=\mathrm{CDI}\times \mathrm{SF} $$
where CDI is the chronic daily intake of carcinogens (mg kg−1 d−one) and SF is the slope cistron of hazardous substances (mg kg−i d−1) obtained from the integrated risk information organisation (USEPA 2015) database, which was ii × xane (mg/kg/24-hour interval) for chromium.
Results and discussion
Concentrations of toxic metals in cosmetics
Heavy metals take been implicated in cosmetics that are commonly used by women (Popoola et al. 2013; Ramakant et al. 2014). Heavy metals which can be absorbed in the body through dermal assimilation for a long time may cause diverse health bug. The contents of trace elements in the fairness cream as ways of triplicate determination are summarized in Tabular array 5. From the results, information technology can be seen that the pb content was constitute to exist in the range of xiv.38 to 50.39 μg/g, whereas the everyman amount was found in C coded sample and the highest concentration was institute in coded A sample. According to the WHO, the permissible limit for lead is ten μg/grand (Sukender et al. 2012), and it is observed that all the samples contain lead content higher up the permissible limit. The concentration of cadmium was found in all the samples and varied from 2.40 to 6.27 μg/one thousand. Sample C contains the lowest cadmium concentration and sample A contains the highest. Co-ordinate to the WHO, the permissible limit for cadmium is 0.3 μg/1000, and unfortunately, all the cosmetic products were institute to contain cadmium concentration higher than the permissible limit (Sukender et al. 2012).
Amidst the heavy metals, data presented in Table v, it reveals that chromium was obtained equally 2.82 μg/yard in only one sample D and the other samples showed the content below the detection limit. Co-ordinate to the EU, the permissible limit for chromium is 1 μg/g (Umar and Caleb 2013). In that way, sample D exceeds the permissible limit. The mercury concentrations varied from 0.128 to 0.481 μg/g, whereas the highest concentration was found in sample C and the lowest concentration was observed in sample B. According to the WHO, the permissible limit for mercury is i μg/chiliad (Sukender et al. 2012). So it can be said that all the samples incorporate mercury below the adequate limit. It is also mentioned that according to Wellness Canada, information technology may be seen that the metal concentration of lead, cadmium, and chromium was within the permissible limit (Umar and Caleb 2013) (Table 5). Generally, the concentrations of the heavy metals in the cosmetics analyzed in this report are in the club of Pb> Cd > Cr > Hg with mean concentrations of 28.85 μg/g, 3.23 μg/m, 0.47 μg/g, and 0.25 μg/thousand respectively as shown in Table five. The results of recovery report were inside the acceptable range verifying the validity of the proposed method for analysis (Table six) and reveal that whatsoever small change in the drug concentration in the solution could be accurately determined past the proposed method.
Implication of the calculated chronic daily intake
The degree of toxicity of heavy metal to humans depends on their daily intake (Ullah et al. 2018). The chronic daily intake (CDI) of four metals—pb, cadmium, chromium, and mercury—was calculated according to the mean concentration of each metal. The CDI and maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI) of the studied metals are shown in Table 7. Total daily intake of atomic number 82, cadmium, chromium, and mercury was calculated as iv.05E−07, 4.54E−08, half-dozen.61E−09, and iii.49E−09 mg/day respectively. Daily intakes of all the metals are less than the MTDI. In the cosmetics samples, mean values of CDI are decreased in the society: Pb> Cd >Cr > Hg.
Non-carcinogenic risk
The wellness risks from the use of contaminated cosmetics items by populations are assessed based on HQ, which is the ratio of determined dose of a pollutant to a reference dose level. If HQ > 1, the exposed population will probable to experience a detrimental upshot (Ullah et al. 2017b). HQ of the four studied metals for each sample are listed in Tabular array 8. It is apparent from the tabular array that HQ of all the metals are < ane obtained for all the beauty cream samples, indicating residents in Bangladesh would not experience any meaning health risk via dermal adsorption of the studied beauty creams. The HI value expresses the combined non-carcinogenic effects of multiple elements. For the utilization of selected cream, Howdy was < ane (Tabular array 8) indicating that consumers are constitute to be safer.
Carcinogenic adventure
Due to unavailability of dermal slope gene (SFdermal) for the chemical element lead, cadmium, and mercury, carcinogenic risk (CR) was calculated only for using chromium metal and presented in Table 9. Carcinogenic risk between 10−6 and 10−4 is considered to be acceptable (Chen and Liao 2006). From the result, information technology is seen that the cancer run a risk of chromium was found to be 1.32E−07 in sample B, which is lower than the negligible range, indicating no CR from chromium consumption from dermal exposure of beauty cream for Bangladeshi inhabitants.
Conclusion
The investigated fairness creams were varied in their metal concentrations, and the estimated amounts of lead, cadmium, and chromium were establish to be higher than the corresponding maximum allowable concentration (MAC), according to the WHO/European union standard. But according to Health Canada, the concentration of lead exceeded the permissible value, whereas cadmium and chromium concentrations were constitute below the permissible limit, except cadmium in B coded sample. This study recommends continuous monitoring of this field including other items of cosmetics and the agencies that control the safe of cosmetic products will have to work hard to ensure safety of the consumers of these products. However, no metals were constitute to be considered as potential wellness hazard for human.
Abbreviations
- CDI:
-
Chronic daily intake
- CV-AAS:
-
Common cold vapor-diminutive absorption spectrophotometer
- FAAS:
-
Flame atomic assimilation spectrophotometer
- HQ:
-
Hazard quotient
- MTDI:
-
Maximum tolerable daily intake
- USEPA:
-
U.s. Environmental Protection Agency
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Acknowledgements
The Authors greatly acknowledge the staff of Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Nuclear and Radiations Chemical science Partitioning, Atomic Energy Enquiry Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh.
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None of the authors did non receive any fund from any person or organization or club.
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MFA and NCD designed the experiment. MFA, MA, BM, AF, MDH, NCD, FTA, SKK, TT, and AKMAU nerveless the samples and carried out the sample grooming and analysis. MFA wrote the manuscript, and AKMAU revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Alam, M.F., Akhter, M., Mazumder, B. et al. Cess of some heavy metals in selected cosmetics usually used in People's republic of bangladesh and human health risk. J Anal Sci Technol 10, two (2019). https://doi.org/x.1186/s40543-018-0162-0
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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-018-0162-0
Keywords
- Beauty cream
- Heavy metals
- Chronic daily intake
- Take a chance quotient
- Health risk
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